Community History
Shoals, Indiana, is a small town with a rich history rooted in its location along the East Fork of the White River in Martin County. Here's an overview of its historical development:
The area that would become Shoals was initially settled in the early 19th century as part of the broader westward expansion into the Indiana frontier. The town was officially platted in 1844 under the name "Memphis," reflecting its early identity. The name was later changed to Shoals, likely due to the river shoals—shallow areas in the White River—that influenced its geography and economy. The post office in Shoals was established in 1869, marking its growth as a recognized community.
Shoals became the county seat of Martin County, a status it gained in 1871 after the seat was moved from other nearby settlements like Trinity Springs. This shift solidified its importance in the region. One of the darker chapters in Shoals' history occurred in 1886 when a lynching took place at the county courthouse and jail. The Archer boys, accused of torturing and murdering a local farmer, were hanged from trees in front of the jail, an event that reflects the rough justice sometimes meted out on the frontier.
In the early 20th century, Shoals developed a unique industry: the production of mother-of-pearl buttons. These were crafted from mussels harvested from the White River, taking advantage of the area's natural resources. This industry provided economic activity until it declined as synthetic materials became more prevalent.
The discovery of gypsum deposits in the mid-20th century marked a significant turning point for Shoals. The National Gypsum mine, located two miles east of town and operational since the 1950s, became a major employer. At a depth of 515 feet, it’s the deepest gypsum mine in the United States, extracting 80-100 truckloads daily to produce drywall and other products. Alongside another nearby mine, it employs over 400 workers, making it the backbone of the modern local economy.
Shoals is also known for the Jug Rock, a distinctive geological formation and the only free-standing table rock east of the Mississippi River. This natural landmark has long been a point of pride and curiosity for the town. The population, recorded as 677 in the 2020 census, has remained small, reflecting its rural character. Today, Shoals maintains its historical charm while relying on gypsum mining and its scenic location along U.S. Routes 50 and 150, which connect it to nearby towns like Loogootee and Bedford.
This history reveals a town shaped by its river, natural resources, and a mix of triumphs and challenges, evolving from a frontier settlement to a quiet yet resilient community.